VIET NAM. Ha Noi. Refilling ball-point refills with a home-made ink from a syringe on a Ha Noi street corner.

VIET NAM. A child on the infamous path where hundreds of women and children were murdered.

VIET NAM. Homosexuality has never been illegal in Viet Nam. Gay men are often subjected to light-hearted taunts for what the Government classifies as "eccentric behaviour."

VIET NAM. The four men who fired the first shots in the Viet Nam war on the January 17th, 1960. (Left to right) Nguyen Van Thong, Le Van Kinh, Pham Van Giai and Nguyen Van Dung in Dinh Thuy hamlet, north of Mo Cay in the Mekong Delta. Their capture of a Diem military outpost is officially recognised as the start of the war.

VIET NAM. Hue. The Citadel in Hue was the scene of the most prolonged fighting during the Tet Offensive.

VIET NAM. Doorway shops selling household goods sprang up outside people's homes when families either had exit visas to leave Viet Nam or intended to become "Boat People."

VIETNAM. Le Thi Nhiep from Binh Khanh village in Ben Tre Province explained, "I was napalmed at 3PM on April 9th, 1964 when three U.S. Skyraider aeroplanes bombed our village. We had no experience, no shelter with a cover. We had to pay a high price for this experience, a lot of people died. There were no NLF soldiers in our village. They bombed ours to mislead the soldiers who were in another village -- where they actually landed. For me, I can never forget the crime the U.S. committed on my body. I now have to bear the wounds. But I'm not so important -- the thousands of children killed are the ones that count."

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. A Soviet MIG fighter credited with shooting down an American B52 bomber sits above the remains of the aeroplane at the War Museum.

VIET NAM. School children endured many hardships in war-torn Viet Nam.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. The War Museum. 1980

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. One of the first singers to entertain an outdoor audience in Ho Chi Minh City.

VIET NAM. The Binh Trieu Reform school for drug addicts in Ho Chi Minh City with samples of the ingenious ways in which addicts transport their doses. In 1980 all the inmates were opium users and their numbers declined regularly until 1996. The treatment consisted of doses of a Chinese herbal medicine called Ho Fu Sa with very strong emetics.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Catholics loyal to the government marching during a celebration.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Deformed fetuses preserved in formaldehyde at the Tu Du Hospital. 1980

VIET NAM. Hue. Hawkers outside the Citadel in Hue. The moat around the Citadel being used for fish breeding at a time when food was scarce.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. In the early 1980's the youth of HCM City held motorbike marathons around the city center.

VIET NAM. Portraits of the heroes of Socialism adorned the streets of Ho Chi Minh City during victory celebrations.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Three siblings exhibiting classic teratogenic symptoms, double elbows and knees on each limb, at Orphanage No. 6. They had been abandoned by their mother in the nearby Tu Duc Forest. 1980

VIETNAM. Nam Dinh. VU Thi Lam with her daughters Lien, eight, and Hien, six, were both born without lenses in their eyes. Their father, Dam Viet Thuoc, was sprayed when he was a lorry driver in the south. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. The War Museum. 1980

VIETNAM.Ho Chi Minh City. The War Museum. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. The War Museum. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. A woman wheeling herself through the street. 1980

VIETNAM. Defoliated land in the process of being cultivated. The dead trees will be a source of firewood. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. The War Museum.1980

VIETNAM. 1980

VIETNAM. Tay Ninh Province. Dead trees near the Cambodian border. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Deformed fetuses preserved in formaldehyde at the Tu Du Hospital.1998

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Deformed fetuses preserved in formaldehyde at the Tu Du Hospital. 1980

VIETNAM. Hanoi. The son of Mrs. Le Hu Thin preserved at the Viet Duc Hospital. Her husband, Nguyen Van Oanh, was a truck driver on the Ho Chi Minh Trail and was sprayed three times. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Deformed fetuses preserved in formaldehyde at the Tu Du Hospital. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Deformed fetuses preserved in formaldehyde at the Tu Du Hospital.1998

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. A young mother shortly after giving birth at the Tu Du Hospital. Her baby was born deformed with a small brain, defective mouth, ears and limbs. It died the following day. 1980

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. A baby born deformed with a small brain, defective mouth, ears and limbs at the Tu Du Hospital. It died the following day. 1980

VIETNAM. This woman's husband had been a truck driver on the Ho Chi Minh trail, who had been sprayed often with Agent Orange. Americans practiced ecocide on the land by spraying millions of acres with this defoliant, containing dioxin, which damages human genes thus causing grotesque birth defects for future generations. Both daughters were born blind. 1980

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. The main department store.

VIET NAM. Posters of Ho Chi Minh on the streets of the city now named after him.

VIET NAM. School children endured many hardships in war-torn Viet Nam. The playground had its own slit trench to protect the children from harm.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Amerasian girl selling cigarettes on the street.

VIET NAM. Villagers help to dig a canal to irrigate new rice fields.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Victory celebrations.

VIET NAM. The Binh Trieu Reform school for drug addicts in Ho Chi Minh City with samples of the ingenious ways in which addicts transport their doses. In 1980 all the inmates were opium users and their numbers declined regularly until 1996. The treatment consisted of doses of a Chinese herbal medicine called Ho Fu Sa with very strong emetics.

VIET NAM. Women scavenging for scrap at the gateway to Camp Evans, the old 1st. Armoured Cavalry Base.

VIET NAM. Portraits of the heroes of Socialism adorned the streets of Ho Chi Minh City during victory celebrations.

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. Beggars outside St. Joseph's Cathedral.

VIET NAM. On the banks of a canal in the Mekong Delta the curious collect to view a foreigner. Many of the children were seeing a European for the first time. The end of the war had brought on a population explosion.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Visitors at the War Remnants Museum, where much of the ordnance used in the war is on display.

VIET NAM. Young recruits during their morning calisthenics.

VIET NAM. Newly-built Soviet-style architecture near Hai Phong replaced buildings destroyed by American bombing.

VIET NAM.

VIET NAM. Some of the many man-made canals that crisscross the Mekong Delta.

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. Boys from a youth military brigade at arget practice in Lenin Park.

VIET NAM. Leading members of the Politburo stand for the National Anthem.

VIET NAM. Prosthetic devices are much in demand as unexploded ordnance kills and maims civilians every day.

VIET NAM. Xuan Loc. Children in Xuan Loc, the town destroyed in the last days of the war. The South Vietnamese Airforce dropped CBU (Cluster) bombs on the town to annihilate the advancing North Vietnamese troops - to no avail.

VIET NAM. Victorious Vietnamese soldiers marching in Ha Noi to the old French Opera House, where celebrations were held.

VIET NAM. Father and son at a football match.

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. Visitors watching a re-enactment of the final battle for Sai Gon at the War Museum.

VIET NAM. The children of some of the survivors in 1980 standing on the path where many of their relatives were murdered. When this picture was published a reader fell in love with one of the girls, went to My Lai and eventually married her. They now live in Canada.

VIET NAM. Children playing on the carcass of a downed helicopter.

VIET NAM. A plaque with the names of the victims to commemorate the dead villagers.

VIET NAM. Some of the many man-made canals that crisscross the Mekong Delta.

VIET NAM. Some of the many man-made canals that crisscross the Mekong Delta.

VIET NAM. Xuan Loc. The strategic town of Xuan Loc where the last battle of the Viet Nam War took place when South Vietnamese soldiers made their last stand in 1975. As the US General Weyand declared, "If Xuan Loc is lost, then Sai Gon is lost." He was correct.

VIET NAM. Children playing on the remains of a navy boat abandoned on a beach near Da Nang.

VIET NAM. National Route 1 through the "pan-handle" of the old North Viet Nam was probably the most bombed stretch of highway in the world. The carcasses of destroyed vehicles were still to be seen five years after the war ended.

VIET NAM. School children endured many hardships in war-torn Viet Nam.

VIET NAM. School children endured many hardships in war-torn Viet Nam.

VIET NAM. Vinh. Apartment building rebuilt by East Germany. The town in Nghe An Province, birthplace of Ho Chi Minh, was completely destroyed more than once during the war. Virtually every weapon in the American arsenal was unleashed on the city.

VIET NAM. A first tenuous attempt at private enterprise - a coffee shop in a private house.

VIET NAM. Children obsessed with the paraphenelia of violence.

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. A kindergarten where the children are given free school meals.

VIET NAM. Children beneath a poster declaring that the youth will fight to protect the nation.

VIET NAM. National Liberation Front soldiers attending celebrations in the old Frech Opera House in Sai Gon - newly renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

VIET NAM. A US Armoured Personnel Carrier in a family's front garden near Cu Chi. It is probable that they built the house next to the APC to guard such a valuable piece of scrap.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. An Amerasian boy at a concert on the steps of the Opera House.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Reform school for prostitutes. From 1975 to 1990 the problem was seen as one that could be handled. Later, as the market economy developed, prostitution exploded. Today the authorities in Ha Noi admit to 40,000 women involved but the real number may be many times higher.

VIETNAM. Wounded North Vietnamese Army veterans watch a football match at a rehabilitation center near Ha Noi.

VIET NAM. Children gather round a wounded war veteran - such men who are held in high esteem by the general population.

VIET NAM. Ex-soldier victims being cared for by a young recruit at a home for war veterans near Ha Noi.

VIETNAM. Villagers return to their devastated land in the Mekong Delta.

VIETNAM. The children of some of the survivors living in their family's rebuilt homes in the village.

VIETNAM. A monument built to commemorate dead villagers.

VIETNAM. Reform school for prostitutes. At this school the main activity was weaving. At the end of the French war in 1954 it is reported that Ho Chi Minh advised that the correct way to reform prostitutes was to treat them as children. Centers were set up where the women were fondly tended - fed, bathed and had their hair brushed by matrons who sang them bedtime songs.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Reform school for prostitutes. From 1975 to 1990 the problem was seen as one that could be handled. Later, as the market economy developed, prostitution exploded. Today the authorities in Ha Noi admit to 40,000 women involved but the real number may be many times higher.

VIET NAM. A driver in Viet Nam is expected to perform a multitude of tasks - one being to drive over sheaves of rice placed on the road by farmers to separate the husks and another (more dangerous) being to manoeuvre the wheels over pieces of corrugated iron to flatten them out.

VIET NAM. Children obsessed with the paraphernalia of violence.

VIET NAM. Ha Noi. Sunday morning mass at St. Joseph's Cathedral.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Children at Orphanage No. 6.

VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Reform school for prostitutes. From 1975 to 1990 the problem was seen as one that could be handled. Later, as the market economy developed, prostitution exploded. Today the authorities in Ha Noi admit to 40,000 women involved but the real number may be many times higher.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Children at Orphanage No. 6.

VIET NAM. Ho Chi Minh City. Children at Orphanage No. 6.

VIET NAM. A soldier who worked on the Ho Chi Minh Trail and was wounded in the spine by fragments from an anti-personnel bomb in his wheel chair near the village of A Loei.

VIET NAM. On any flat surface, including in this case the main road from Ha Noi to Ho Chi Minh City rice is spread out to dry in the sun before milling.

VIET NAM. Hawkers outside the Citadel in Hue.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. Scenes outside the Cao Dai Temple.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. Scenes outside the Cao Dai Temple.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. In their psychedelic temple the Cao Dai high priests conduct services every eight hours.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. At the Cao Dai Temple, the white-clad adherants are separated - women on one side and men on the other.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. At the Cao Dai Temple, the white-clad adherants are separated - women on one side and men on the other. A novice taking part in a ritual.

VIET NAM. Tay Ninh. At the Cao Dai Temple, the white-clad adherants are separated - women on one side and men on the other.

VIET NAM. Doorway shops selling household goods sprang up outside people's homes when families either had exit visas to leave Viet Nam or intended to become boat people.

VIET NAM. The Binh Trieu Reform school for drug addicts in Ho Chi Minh City with samples of the ingenious ways in which addicts transport their doses. In 1980 all the inmates were opium users and their numbers declined regularly until 1996. The treatment consisted of doses of a Chinese herbal medicine called Ho Fu Sa with very strong emetics.

VIETNAM. During the war the lack of doctors and specialized surgical techniques led to the adoption of amputation as a timesaving measure. In post-war Vietnam the production of artificial limbs has become a major industry. With the country's recent change in economic direction, limbless beggars have become a common sight. 1980

VIETNAM. Hanoi. 1980. Professor Ton That TUNG with a patient.

VIETNAM. Hanoi. 1980. Professor Ton That TUNG with a former soldier who had been sprayed while fighting in the south. Later he developed liver cancer. The professor successfully removed the cancerous lobe of the organ.

VIETNAM. Hanoi. 1980. Professor Ton That TUNG with a former soldier who had been sprayed while fighting in the south. Later he developed liver cancer. The professor successfully removed the cancerous lobe of the organ.